| 原帖由 dolphin_ice 於 12/6/2008 21:41 發表 (PS: 以下...應該最少A-level 程度吧? 不知各國的syllabus) 我還未分清楚 substitution 中的 SN1 和 SN2 reaction HK A-level 沒有NMR 不清楚甚麼?何時是SN1/SN2還是兩者的分別- -? Factors determing SN1, SN2, E1, E2 Substrate > Nucleophile(Nu: ) > Leaving Group ~ Temp.> Solvent GeneralRule: (只是General Rule而已,取決rxn時仍要考慮所有factors.) key: P-primary S-secondary T-Tertiary C-Classless temperature in Celsius scale RT- room temp. [table=50%][tr][td]Rxn [/td][td]Substrate [/td][td]Nu: [/td][td]Temp [/td][td]Leaving Gp [/td][/tr][tr][td]SN2 [/td][td]P, S, C [/td][td]Good, but not too basic [/td][td]Low [/td][td]Want Good [/td][/tr][tr][td]E2 [/td][td]P, S, T [/td][td]Bulky or Strong [/td][td]High (~180 for P, slight heat for S, T) [/td][td]Want Good[/td][/tr][tr][td]SN1 [/td][td]S, T [/td][td]both:Good, but not too basic T only:weak Nu: [/td][td]Low (RT or lower for T) [/td][td]Want Good[/td][/tr][tr][td]E1 [/td][td]S, T [/td][td]Weak Nu: [/td][td]High [/td][td]Want Good[/td][/tr][/table] Solvent: Solvent affects Nucleophilicity polar protic - nucleophilicity go against basicity (because the weak bases(Br-, I-) are less solvated and less slowed down) polar aprotic and non-polar solvent - nucleophilicty follows basicity (Be careful about non-polar solvents, they sometimes form 2 layers which will slow down the rxn, but they speed up SN2 theoretically (and E2)) Explanation: Rate-determining step(RDS) SN1/E1 : formation of carbocation SN2: Nu:attack (backside of) substrate and leaving group leave E2: 看圖好了...一堆steps-w-[看不到圖可按我]
Anything that can lower the Ea for the RDS can speed up the rxn. Primary and classless carbocations are relatively unstable and have high Ea as oppose to secondary and tertiary due to hyperconjugation(donation of e- density by R groups). So, primary and classless can't do SN1 or E1. Also, classless substrates just have one carbon atom. They can't do elimination. Because strong bases are too reactive, they will not allow carbocations to form. Therefore strong bases favor SN2/E2 while weak bases favor SN1 and E1. Bulky bases are very special. Due to their bulkiness, they can't or very hard to substitute. Also, bulky bases are usually strong, carbocation can't form, making E2 as the dominant rxn. Shifting:[看不到圖可按我]
In SN1 and E1, if we can shift to a more stable carbocation (secondary --> tertiary or five member ring --> six member ring), shifting will occur and the product would be different Products: In SN1, because carbocations are trigonal planar, the nucleophile can attack top and bottom. Racemic mixture would from if there are chiral centers. In SN2, as the Nu: attack from the back, there will be a shift in chiral center (R-->S or S-->R). 這樣大概夠用了吧 The followings are only applicable for basic NMR courses that interpret AX spectra with lots of equivalence. These rules are not necessary applicable for AB or AM spectra which the reality does usually.
1. Peaks 的數目 a) 到底何時是"same environment", 何時不是呢? b) 如果2邊都不同environment, 那個peak 的splitting 是...? 2. Splitting a) splitting 是看2邊的H數目?? b)2邊不同的話又有多少個splitting c) 每個splitting 的高度到底是...? 囧rz||| 以下全是1HNMR 1a, [看不到圖可按我]
同色的的H 是in the same environment (or equivalent) 有symmetry (紅線) 就有equivalent H Green:一邊有X,一邊有黑H,再向黑H那邊移就大家都看到藍H,大家沿路所見的都是一樣,所以是chemically equivalent Black: 一邊有綠H,一邊有藍H, 向綠H那邊走大家都看到X大家沿路所見的都是一樣,所以是chemically equivalent 1b 兩邊的H不是equivalent的話,splitting 位置及height會不同 以黑H來說,它會比藍H 較downfield,因為它更近X 因左右的H都是不同,所以splitting height 不再是1:2:1,但仍會是個Triplet 2a, splitting 是看3條sigma bond內的H (exception -OH, -OH中的H「看」不到大家,大家也「看」不到它) 2b, splitting 是看有多少個 H於3個sigma bond範圍內,看到多少隻H就有多少個splitting e.g.[看不到圖可按我]
藍格中的H看到共6粒equivalent H, 所以是septet 2c, splitting height 是以 Pascal's triangle 作basic form, 再因看到的H是否equivalent面有所改變 以pentet 為例: [看不到圖可按我]
B0是 NMR 的 Magnet 上面的小b0(arrow)是 atom內的 spinning (向右=upfield), 4個arrow為一set 的原因是看到4個H(i.e. split by 4 H) 將全部的possibilities list出來就知為何pentet 的base form是這了 懂用Coupling Constants 來畫chicken-wire diagram的話亦會特到同樣效果 Chicken-wire diagram對於interpret 更深的(尤是non-equivalent/ chiral/ AB) spectra時才是王道, 上面的方法會很多時失效 還是多手一下: 說NMR時指明是哪一種吧.....有proton NMR, 13C NMR, boron, phosphorus,etc.的嘛- - [ 本帖最後由 fish 於 10/3/2009 03:44 AM 編輯 ] |
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